Histopathological Spectrum Of Gastrointestinal Tumours.

Background: This study was conducted to determine relative frequency of various histopathological types of gastrointestinal (GI) tumours and to evaluate them in relation to age & sex of patients and location of tumours. Methodology: Histopathological study of 91cases of gastrointestinal tumours was carried out at AMC MET Medical College from January 2011 to June 2015. Results: Of total 91 cases, peak age distribution was in the sixth decade & male to female ratio was 2.03:1. GI tumours were more common in the colorectal region (38.46%), followed by esophagus (28.57%), stomach (19.78%), small intestine (9.89%), appendix (2.20%) & anal canal (1.10%). Benign & malignant tumours comprised 10.99% & 89.01% respectively. Among malignant tumours, adenocarcinoma was the commonest type (45.68%); followed by squamous cell carcinoma (32.10%), exclusively seen in esophagus. Conclusion: Gastrointestinal tumours show a wide variation in the morphology. So, histopathological examination is mandatory for the diagnosis.

Study Of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology In Head And Neck Lesions.

Background and Objectives: This study is done to evaluate the role of FNAC in head and neck massesandal so to study their distribution. A correlation was done between cytology and histopathology whenever surgical specimens were available and to assess the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value in various head and neck lesions. Methodology: From500cases, FNA smears were taken and stained with PAP, MGG and special stains whenever required. FNA results were interpreted and analysed according to the anatomical sites and the lesions were categorized into inflammatory and neoplastic conditions. Results: Among 500 cases, histopathological correlations were available only in 103 cases. The sensitivity, specificity, predictive value of the positive test, predictive value of the negative test lesions which were being detected were88.89%, 80.64%, 66.67%, 50% respectively. There were no false positives. The diagnostic accuracy of the salivary gland, lymph node and soft tissue lesions were 87.13%. Conclusion: There was perfect agreement in a majority of the lesions. The technique is simple, safe, convenient and an accurate method for tissue diagnosis. Hence, FNAC is an effective diagnostic tool in the diagnosis of head and neck masses.

Spinal Cord Tumours - Histopathological Study Of 100 Cases.

Abstracts: Background: To study the distribution of 100 cases of wide range of spinal cord tumours in relation with their locations, age, sex and compare the obtained data with that of other series by different authors. Spinal cord tumours (SCTs) are mostly benign. Intraspinal tumours form 15 % of all CNS tumours. Primary spinal cord tumours (PSCTs) account for 4% of primary CNS tumours. In tumours of spinal cord are included those arising from within substance of spinal cord, leptomeninges, nerve roots, blood vessels and extradural structures and tissues. Methodology: We summarise the data of SCTs encountered over a period of six years received as biopsy from mass or excised mass. The biopsies were studied by paraffin sectioning and routine Hematoxylin-Eosin stain with PAS, Reticulin stains if necessary. Results: Among one hundred cases, 25 were intramedullary, 47 were extra-medullary intradural and 28 were extradural tumours. 85 were primary and 15 were metastatic in nature. Nerve Sheath Tumours (NSTs) 32% and meningioma 22% were most frequent tumours. Conclusion: The present study of 100 SCTs over 6 years revealed that meningioma 22 %, neurilemmoma 19 %, neurofibroma 13 %, ependymoma 12 % and astrocytoma 8 % comprised a large majority of Primary SCTs( PSCTs). 47 % of tumours were extramedullary, 28 % extradural and 25 % intramedullary tumours. 51 % of tumours involved dorsal region, 23 % lumbar and 19 % cervical. The study can contribute to epidemiologic knowledge of SCTs

Correlation of Cytomorphology and Molecular Findings in EGFR+, KRAS+ and ALK+ Lung Carcinomas.

Lung carcinoma is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths worldwide for both men and women. Established risk factors & probable risk factors, which are implicated in the occurrence of lung carcinomas have been identified and evidently present in the populace, especially in our Indian scenario, e.g., tobacco chewing, smoking & many more. With the increase in the incidence & prevalence of lung carcinomas, correct diagnosis at an appropriate time, has become a necessity. Cytomorphology has been in vogue since long and is still one of the most relied upon methods. Contemporarily, in the past few years, there has been a dramatic increase in what we know about the molecular genetic features of this disease entity & its various diagnostic applications. With this new knowledge, there have been new targeted non-chemotherapeutic agents available to the patients, which have shown variable efficacy in tumors of different histologic subtypes and molecular status. The correlation of the cellular features & the molecular status of these carcinomas can well be established as a synergistic tool for effective diagnosis&targeted therapy.

Plasma cell leukemia: A retrospective study of 10 cases.

BACKGROUND: Plasma cell leukemia (PCL) is a rare aggressive variant of multiple myeloma (MM) characterized by a fulminant course and poor prognosis. Flow cytometry (FCM) is very useful in the diagnosis of the plasma cell leukemia. Herein, we present 10 cases of PCL. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively studied immunophenotypic profile of 10 cases of PCL from Jan 2009 to Dec 2013 using 5 parameters, 6 color flow cytometric analysis. We also studied their clinical presentation and other laboratory findings. RESULTS: Common clinical features at presentation were weakness, bone pain, anemia, thrombocytopenia and osteolytic lesions. Plasma cell population were identified by strong expression of CD38 and co‑expression of CD38 and CD138. CD56 was expressed in 20% cases. CD19 and CD117 were negative in all cases. CONCLUSIONS: Immunophenotyping is highly useful to differentiate PCL from other chronic lymphoproliferative disorders with plasmacytoid morphology as well as from non‑neoplastic reactive plasma cells. Co‑expression of CD38 and CD138 is a best combination to identify the plasma cells by using FCM.

Granulosa cell tumor arising in an ovary with mature teratoma.

Granulosa cell tumor (GCT) with synchronous mature teratoma is extremely rare and only eight cases are documented in the literature. GCT is low-grade malignancy and need a close follow up for recurrences which may be late. We report a case of GCT and mature teratoma occurring synchronously in the same ovary in a perimenopausal woman.

A unilateral teratoid Wilms' tumor with raised serum alpha-fetoprotein level.

Teratoid Wilms' tumor with raised serum alpha-fetoprotein level is an unusual type of tumor. We, here, describe a twelve month old boy presenting with lumbar mass. Clinical features, radiological findings, gross examination, and histomorphological features are studied, and various differential diagnoses like Wilms' tumor with heterologous elements, intrarenal teratoma and metastatic germ cell tumor are taken into consideration.

Accuracy of cytologic diagnosis of central nervous system tumours in crush preparation.

The aim of this study was to assess the usefulness and accuracy of cytologic smears by making crush preparation as a diagnostic method, in central nervous system tumors. 278 patients with central nervous system tumors were investigated. In 98 cases, material was obtained intraoperatively during craniotomy and in 180 cases stereotactic biopsies were done. In all the cases crush preparations were made, and cytologic diagnosis was correlated with final histologic diagnosis. 244 out of 278 patients showed correlation with histopathological diagnosis. So, in present study diagnostic accuracy was 87.76%. In 18 cases no definite diagnosis was made due to inadequate material. Majority of the patients were in age group 31 to 40 years (72 cases). The youngest patient was three years old and the eldest was 87 years old. The most common tumor in intracranial cavity was astrocytoma (56.68%), followed by meningioma (6.88%), medulloblastoma (5.66%) and ependymoma (5.56%). The most common tumor in intraspinal cavity was ependymoma (38.46%), followed by meningioma (23.07%) and schwannoma (23.07%). In conclusion, crush preparation is an effective, simple, rapid, relatively safe and reliable technique for the diagnosis of central nervous system tumors. Diagnostic accuracy of cytology with final histopathological report is established with accuracy rate of 87.76%.

Primary chondrosarcoma of lung: case report and review of literature.

A case of primary chondrosarcoma of the left lung in 50 year-old man is presented. The tumor was diagnosed as primary chondrosarcoma of the lung after exclusion of any primary lesion elsewhere. Histologically, tumor consisted of predominantly chondromatous lesion. Immunohistochemistry showed that tumor cells positive for S-100 protein and vimentin, and negative for epithelial markers. On the basis of clinical, histological and immunohistochemical studies, the tumor was diagnosed as a primary chondrosarcoma of the lung.

Primary mucinous carcinoma of urachus--a case report.

The authors describe a case of primary mucinous carcinoma of urachus in 65 years old male. Patient presented with hematuria with suprapubic mass. The patient underwent total cystectomy with en bloc excision of the tumor mass and umbilicus. Histological examination showed features of mucinous carcinoma of urachus. A clinicopathological study and brief review of literature is presented.

Clinicopathological prognostic factors of adult granulosa cell tumor of the ovary--a study of 37 cases.

Adult granulosa cell tumor (GCT) of the ovary is the most common malignancy amongst the sex cord stromal tumors. Clinical stage, age, tumor size, residual disease and several histologic factors have been reported to be of prognostic significance. There were 839 ovarian malignancies at our institute during the period from 1998 to 2002. Out of 54 granulosa cell tumors, 40 cases were evaluable which includes 37 cases of adult GCT and 3 cases of juvenile GCT. They were studied retrospectively. Majority of patients presented with abdominal symptoms and FIGO stage I. All patients were treated surgically and 62.1% of adult GCTs were given post-operative chemotherapy. Clinical stage, presence of residual disease and tumor volume were the most important prognostic factors. Age of patient, menstrual status, post-operative chemotherapy, mitosis or histological patterns were of little significance in our study.

Fine needle aspiration cytology of hepatoblastoma: a study of 20 cases.

Hepatoblastoma (HBL) is the most common primary malignant hepatic tumor in children. The aim of the present study is to describe cytological findings of HBL, to subclassify it, and to discuss differential diagnoses. Twenty cases were taken from records of Cytopathology department, Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, Ahmedabad. The aspiration smears were stained with Papanicolaou stain andlor Giemsa stain. Cytological and architectural criteria were applied to aspiration smears. Fifteen cases (75%) of HBL were diagnosed in the patients below the age of two years. The commonest presentation was found to be lump in abdomen. On the basis of cytoarchitectural features, HBL was classified in two groups undifferentiated and differentiated. Morphologically, the tumor cells were commonly arranged in acinar pattern, papillary pattern, or in sheets. FNA cytology alone had some limitations in the diagnosis of HBL. Hence, cytoarchitecture in combination with clinicalfeatures, imaging techniques and serum a-fetoprotein levels were helpful for specific diagnosis of HBL and to rule out various others differential diagnosis of small round cell tumor. The cytological differential diagnosis between differentiated HBL and Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was found to be very difficult.